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The Institution of The Dalai Lama
His Holiness the Great 14th Dalai Lama embodies one of the most revered spiritual institutions in the world – providing moral and spiritual guidance to the Tibetan people and to millions of Buddhist followers globally. The institution of the Dalai Lama has evolved over centuries, with each successive reincarnation shaping Tibet’s spiritual, cultural, and political life.
Throughout this lineage, the Dalai Lamas have guided Tibet through profound historical transformations. The 14th Dalai Lama, in particular, has played a defining role – emerging as a global icon of wisdom, compassion, and resilience. His leadership during Tibet’s political upheaval in the twentieth century elevated the institution to a new global stature, where it now serves as a moral beacon and a spiritual compass for people of all faiths.
Today, His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama is not only the spiritual heart of the Tibetan nation but also a tireless advocate for peace, non-violence, and universal human values – standing as a symbol of hope and compassion for the world.
The First Dalai Lama – Gedun Drupa (1391–1474)
The spiritual lineage of the Dalai Lama began in 1391 with the birth of Gedun Drupa, who was later recognised as the First Dalai Lama. He became one of the closest disciples of Je Tsongkhapa, the founder of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism. Gedun Drupa founded Tashilhunpo Monastery in Shigatse, which later became the seat of the Panchen Lamas. After his death, he was posthumously recognised as the first in the line of Dalai Lamas—marking the beginning of a revered spiritual lineage that has guided Tibet for centuries. His legacy endures as the foundation of the Dalai Lama institution and continues to inspire followers of Tibetan Buddhism around the world.
The Second Dalai Lama - Gedun Gyatso (1475–1542)
Gedun Gyatso, the Second Dalai Lama, was formally recognised as the reincarnation of Gedun Drupa, at the age of 11 and was enthroned at Tashi Lhunpo Monastery. In 1517, he became the 9th abbot of the Drepung Monastery and, a year later, revived the Monlam Chenmo—the Great Prayer Festival—originally established by Je Tsongkhapa, presiding over the event with monks from Drepung, Sera, and Gaden, the three great Gelugpa monastic universities.
While at Drepung, he was offered a residence that later came to be known as Gaden Phodrang. This residence would, in 1642 under the Fifth Dalai Lama, become the central seat of the Dalai Lama’s spiritual and political authority. Gedun Gyatso is credited with formalising the practice of seeking visions from the sacred Lake Lhamo Latso to guide the search for Dalai Lama reincarnations—a tradition said to have been promised by the protective deity Palden Lhamo to his predecessor.
The Third Dalai Lama - Sonam Gyatso (1543–1588)
Sonam Gyatso was the Third Dalai Lama and the first to officially receive the title “Dalai Lama,” meaning “Ocean of Wisdom,” from the Mongol ruler Altan Khan. In 1574, he founded Phende Lekshe Ling, which later became Namgyal Monastery, the personal monastery of the Dalai Lamas. One of his most consequential achievements came in 1578, when he met Altan Khan, a powerful Mongol ruler. Their historic meeting forged a strong spiritual and political alliance between Tibet and Mongolia. In honour of Sonam Gyatso’s wisdom, Altan Khan conferred upon him the title “Dalai Lama”, meaning “Ocean of Wisdom.” Although he was the third in the lineage, the title was applied retroactively to his predecessors. He played a crucial role in spreading Tibetan Buddhism among the Mongols, strengthening ties between Tibet and Mongolia. He founded important monasteries, including Kumbum Monastery in Amdo, the birthplace of Tsongkhapa, and Lithang Monastery in Kham.
The Fourth Dalai Lama - Yonten Gyatso (1589–1617)
Yonten Gyatso was the Fourth Dalai Lama and the first one to be born outside Tibet. He remained in Mongolia during his early years and travelled to Tibet at the age of twelve and was formally enthroned as the Fourth Dalai Lama at the Gaden Phodrang residence in Drepung Monastery, the seat of his predecessors. Although his time as Dalai Lama was brief, Yonten Gyatso upheld the spiritual and political alliance between Tibet and Mongolia established by the Third Dalai Lama. His legacy lives on as a bridge between the Tibetan and Mongolian peoples and as a steadfast leader who upheld the spiritual lineage during a period of transition.
The Fifth Dalai Lama - Lobsang Gyatso (1617–1682)
Among Tibet’s revered leaders, the Fifth Dalai Lama Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso stands out as a visionary who shaped Tibet’s spiritual and political future. He was the first Dalai Lama to unify religious and temporal authority, ushering in a new era in Tibetan governance. In 1642, Gushri Khan of the Qoshot Mongols defeated rival factions and handed authority to the Fifth Dalai Lama, who was formally installed as head of state in Shigatse’s Samdrubtse Palace. There, he established the Gaden Phodrang government, a centralized system that harmonized spiritual leadership with secular governance—Tibet’s first such model since the time of the Religious Kings.
1645, he commissioned the construction of the Potala Palace in Lhasa, which became the symbolic seat of Tibetan governance. The Fifth Dalai Lama was also a skilled diplomat. In 1652, he made a historic journey to Beijing to meet the Qing Emperor Shunzhi. Their meeting, held on equal terms, affirmed the Dalai Lama’s sovereign status and strengthened Tibet’s diplomatic presence in the region. The emperor recognized his moral authority and sought his help in managing Mongol affairs. His leadership marked the golden age of the Dalai Lama institution and shaped Tibet’s identity for centuries.
The Sixth Dalai Lama – Tsangyang Gyatso (1683–1706)
Tsanyang Gyatso, the sixth Dalai Lama, was the second Dalai Lama to be born outside Tibet and the only one to be born in India. He was born at Mon Tawang, in present-day Arunachal Pradesh. Panchen Lama, Lobsang Yeshi, ordained him as a novice monk, and that same year, he was formally enthroned in a grand ceremony attended by representatives from the three major monasteries—Sera, Drepung, and Gaden—Mongol princes, Qing officials, and Lhasa citizens.
However, Tsangyang Gyatso’s time in monastic robes was brief. After the assassination of Sangye Gyatso in 1701 by Lhazang Khan, the political climate became unstable. Rejecting his vows, the Tsanyang Gyatso embraced a life of poetry, music, and spiritual freedom. He wandered freely, frequented taverns, and composed deeply moving verses on love, impermanence, and longing—verses that remain beloved across Tibet to this day. Tsanyang Gyatso is believed to have died en route under mysterious circumstances following his arrest by the Qoshot Mongol in 1706. Despite his short life, his poetic legacy left an indelible mark on Tibetan culture.
The Seventh Dalai Lama - Kelsang Gyatso (1708–1757)
Kelsang Gyatso was born in Lithang and recognized early as the reincarnation of the Sixth Dalai Lama, Tsangyang Gyatso. Due to political unrest, he was first taken to Kumbum Monastery before being formally enthroned in 1720 at the Potala Palace. He later received full monastic ordination from Lobsang Yeshi and became highly learned in Buddhist philosophy and tantra under several renowned teachers.
One of his most lasting legacies came in 1751, when he created the Kashag, a council of ministers that replaced the Desi system and introduced a more balanced form of government in Tibet. This governing body lasted until 1959 and later continued in exile under the Central Tibetan Administration. Kelsang Gyatso was also respected as a scholar, poet, and spiritual master. His tantric writings and poetry collection, Gems of Wisdom, remain influential. He founded the Tse School at the Potala and built a Norling Kalsang Phodrang, a graceful new palace in Norbulingka.
The Eighth Dalai Lama - Jamphel Gyatso (1758–1804)
8.Jamphel Gyatso was born in Upper Tsang, Tibet, and was recognised as the reincarnation of the seventh Dalai Lama by the Sixth Panchen Lama, Palden Yeshi. He was taken to Tashi Lhunpo Monastery and formally enthroned in 1762 at the Potala Palace. Jamphel Gyatso later founded Norbulingka Palace, the summer residence of the Dalai Lamas, as well as Dip Tsechokling Monastery. During his reign, Tibet faced the Gurkha invasion from Nepal in 1787. Although Tibet, with Manchu support, successfully repelled the attack, the conflict caused economic strain. In response to issues with Nepalese currency, Tibet introduced its own high-quality coinage in 1792, strengthening its economic independence.
Known for his gentle character and spiritual devotion, Jamphel Gyatso died in 1804 at the age of 47, leaving a legacy of stability, faith, and resilience during a challenging period in Tibetan history.
The Ninth Dalai Lama - Lungtok Gyatso (1805–1815)
Lungtok Gyatso was born in eastern Tibet and recognized in 1807 by the Seventh Panchen Lama, Lobsang Tenpai Nyima, as the reincarnation of Jamphel Gyatso. He was brought to Lhasa, given the name Lungtok Gyatso, and formally enthroned in 1810 at the Potala Palace. Although he began monastic training and showed great promise, he died in 1815 at just nine years old, before taking on full leadership of Tibet. His early passing was a profound loss for the Tibetan people and marked the beginning of a tragic pattern: four successive Dalai Lamas would pass away before reaching the age of 22. Despite his short life, his recognition and enthronement helped preserve the continuity and stability of the Dalai Lama institution - an unbroken spiritual thread that unites Tibet’s identity, faith, and leadership.
The Tenth Dalai Lama - Tsultrim Gyatso (1816–1837)
Tsultrim Gyatso was born in Lithang, eastern Tibet, and recognized as the reincarnation of the Ninth Dalai Lama in 1818. He was formally enthroned in 1822 at the Potala Palace. After assuming leadership of Tibet in 1830, he supported economic and administrative reforms, including work on agriculture and taxation policies through the “Iron-Tiger Report.” He also restored parts of the Potala Palace, strengthened monastic education, and expanded Tibet’s spiritual influence by supporting Buddhist activities in Mongolia. Despite his achievements and promise as a leader, Tsultrim Gyatso suffered from poor health and died in 1837 at only 21 years old. He is remembered for his scholarship, reform efforts, and dedication to preserving and spreading Tibetan Buddhism.
The Eleventh Dalai Lama - Khedrup Gyatso (1838–1856)
Khedrup Gyatso was born in Eastern Tibet and recognized at the age of three as the reincarnation of the Tenth Dalai Lama. Enthroned at the Potala Palace in 1842, he received monastic training in the Gelug tradition and was widely admired for his intelligence, spiritual dedication, and commitment to Buddhist learning. Throughout his short life, he actively participated in Tibet’s religious and cultural life, supporting projects such as the construction of Uyab Zimchung at Norbulingka and engaging closely with the Tibetan public during festivals like Shoton. In 1855, at seventeen, he formally assumed political leadership of Tibet, but died only a year later at the age of eighteen, becoming the third consecutive Dalai Lama to pass away young.
Despite his brief reign, Khedrup Gyatso left a meaningful legacy through his spiritual example and literary contributions, particularly his allegorical poem The Story of the Monkeys and Birds. He is remembered as a promising spiritual and political leader whose life reflected the resilience and continuity of the Dalai Lama lineage.
The Twelfth Dalai Lama - Trinley Gyatso (1856–1875)
Trinley Gyatso was born in 1856 in Lhoka region in southern Tibet and recognized as the 12th Dalai Lama in 1858. Enthroned at the Potala Palace at the age of five, he received novice monastic vows and pursued rigorous spiritual and scholastic training under respected teachers. His life coincided with a period of political uncertainty, as Tibet faced increasing external pressures from the weakening Qing dynasty and expanding British influence in South Asia. In 1873, at eighteen, he formally assumed spiritual and political leadership of Tibet. During his brief rule, he undertook pilgrimages, gave teachings, and strengthened Tibet’s religious ties with Mongolian Buddhist communities.
Tragically, Trinley Gyatso died in 1875 at the age of nineteen, only two years after assuming power. Although his life was short, he is remembered for his spiritual dedication, intellectual promise, and leadership during a critical transitional period in Tibetan history. His legacy remains an important chapter in the enduring continuity of the Dalai Lama institution.
The Thirteenth Dalai Lama – Thubten Gyatso (1876–1933)
Thupten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai Lama, was born in 1876 in Dhakpo, Lhokha, southern Tibet and recognized as the reincarnation of the Twelfth Dalai Lama in 1877. Enthroned at the Potala Palace in 1879, he received extensive monastic training and formally assumed full spiritual and political authority over Tibet in 1895. His leadership emerged during the turbulent era of “The Great Game,” when British India, Russia, and Qing China competed for influence in Central Asia. During his reign, Tibet faced major political and military challenges. The British invasion of Tibet in 1904 forced him into exile in Mongolia, while a Chinese military incursion in 1910 led him to seek refuge in India. These experiences exposed him to modern political systems, technology, and infrastructure, shaping his vision for Tibet’s future. Following the collapse of the Qing Dynasty in 1911, Tibet expelled Chinese officials and troops, and the Dalai lama return to Tibet and proclaimed Tibet’s independence in 1913. Tibet subsequently engaged in international diplomacy, including the 1914 Simla Conference and agreements with Mongolia affirming mutual independence and Buddhist ties.
The Thirteenth Dalai Lama is especially remembered for his ambitious reforms and modernization efforts. He introduced Tibet’s first currency, postal and telegraph systems, national flag, modern army, schools, medical institutions, police headquarters, and hydroelectric project, while also abolishing capital punishment and corporal mutilation in most cases. Despite resistance from conservative factions, he worked to strengthen Tibet as a modern and self-reliant nation while preserving its spiritual and cultural traditions. Before he died in 1933, the Dalai Lama warned in his last testament that Tibet would face grave dangers if it failed to reform and protect its sovereignty. His legacy remains one of visionary leadership, diplomacy, modernization, and dedication to Tibet’s independence. Under his rule, Tibet demonstrated many characteristics of a sovereign state, including an independent government, national institutions, currency, flag, and international relations.
Early Life and Recognitions
His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, was born as Lhamo Thondup on 6 July 1935 in the remote village of Taktser in Amdo, northeastern Tibet, to a farming family. Following the death of the 13th Dalai Lama, Regent Reting Rinpoche undertook the traditional search for the reincarnation. Guided by prophetic visions at the sacred lake of Lhamo Lhatso, search parties travelled across eastern Tibet and eventually identified the young Lhamo Thondup as the true reincarnation of the Dalai Lama.
TAfter delays caused by the regional warlord Ma Bufang, the young Dalai Lama and his family finally managed to journey to Lhasa in 1939, which lasted over three months. He was formally enthroned at the Potala Palace on 22 February 1940 and given the name Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso. At the age of six, he began rigorous monastic education under distinguished tutors, including Reting Rinpoche, Taktra Rinpoche, and Ling Rinpoche
The 14th Dalai Lama pursued advanced studies in Buddhist philosophy and later received full monastic ordination from Ling Rinpoche. At the age of twenty-four, he attained the prestigious Geshe Lharampa degree, the highest academic qualification in the Tibetan Buddhist scholastic tradition, marking him as one of the foremost spiritual scholars of Tibet.
One of the earliest known photographs of the young Dalai Lama, taken in Amdo in 1939 by an unknown Chinese photographer, captures him at the age of four at the time of his identification. Seated on a bentwood chair, he wears a Tibetan robe and a distinctive hat with upturned ear flaps, holding a sheet of paper in his hand.
Copyright: Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford.
The newly discovered Dalai Lama with Chinese warlord Ma Bufang (third from right) and other Chinese officials, shortly before leaving Amdo for Lhasa. Ma Bufang held the child Dalai Lama, demanding ransom before allowing the departure—a three-month-long caravan trek to the Tibetan capital.
The “Macha Chenmo” or “Great Peacock” tent—ornately decorated appliqué—was erected on the Doeguthang Plain outside Lhasa as a ceremonial reception space for the new Dalai Lama. The elaborate encampment marked his formal welcome to Lhasa in 1939.
Photographer: Hugh Edward Richardson. Copyright: Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford
A formal portrait of the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, around the age of six, seated on his installation throne in Lhasa.
Copyright: Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford.
An oil painting by Kanwar Singh captures the enthronement of His Holiness the Dalai Lama at the Potala Palace, Lhasa, in 1940.
Copyright: Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford.
A rare portrait of His Holiness around the age of 12, taken in Lhasa in 1947. He is pictured holding a brocade-covered water bottle (chaplug) on his lap and wearing prayer beads around his wrist.
Photographer: Possibly Amaury de Riencourt. Copyright: Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford.
His Holiness the Great 14th Dalai Lama undertaking the rigorous Geshe Lharampa examination—the highest degree in Tibetan monastic education—during the Monlam Festival at Drepung Monastic University, Lhasa, February 1959.
Copyright: Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford
Becoming a Leader of a Nation
Following the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, Tibet faced growing military pressure from the new communist government. On 7 October 1950, Chinese forces invaded eastern Tibet, rapidly overwhelming the Tibetan army in Chamdo and threatening to advance toward Lhasa. In response to the national crisis, the 14th Dalai Lama, at only fifteen years old, formally assumed full spiritual and political leadership of Tibet on 17 November 1950.
As the situation deteriorated, the Tibetan government temporarily relocated to Dromo near the southern border for security reasons. Seeking a peaceful solution, the Dalai Lama sent a delegation to Beijing to negotiate with Chinese leaders. However, in 1951, the delegation was coerced into signing the so-called “Seventeen-Point Agreement” without proper authorization from the Tibetan government, formally marking the imposition of Chinese control over Tibet and the loss of its independence.
Committed to finding a peaceful resolution, His Holiness the Dalai Lama travelled to Beijing in 1954, where he met Chairman Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, and other senior Chinese leaders. Despite these efforts, repression in Tibet intensified. In 1956, he visited India to attend celebrations marking the 2500th Birth Anniversary of the Buddha. During this important journey, he visited major Buddhist pilgrimage sites and developed ties with Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and other leaders, relationships that would become crucial in Tibet’s future struggle.
On November 17, 1950, at just 15 years old, His Holiness the Great 14th Dalai Lama was formally enthroned as the spiritual and temporal leader of Tibet. This formal portrait shows His Holiness with his attendant; behind the pillar stands Lord Chamberlain Phala (standing behind the pillar).
Copyright: Lowell Thomas Collection, Marist College.
At his summer residence, Norbulingka Palace, His Holiness the Dalai Lama poses for famed American writer and traveller Lowell Thomas (facing back). The 1949 journey of Lowell Thomas Sr. and Jr. to Tibet resulted in scores of photographs, articles, radio programs and books that introduced Tibet to millions of Americans. They were among the last Westerners to visit Lhasa before it was annexed by China.
Copyright: Lowell Thomas Collection, Marist College.
His Holiness the Dalai Lama arriving in a sedan chair at Dromo (Yatung) near Tibet’s southern border, where the Tibetan government was temporarily relocated due growing threats following China’s invasion of Tibet that began from the North East.
His Holiness the Dalai Lama holding a golden urn containing sacred relics of the Buddha, brought by the Mahabodhi Society of Sri Lanka for his blessings. Photo taken at Dungkar Monastery, Dromo (Yatung), 1951.
Photographer: Heinrich Harrer. Copyright: Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford.
His Holiness the Dalai Lama and the 10th Panchen Lama were received by Chinese Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping during their visit to China, Peking, March 12, 1955.
Photo courtesy: Library of Tibetan Works and Archive.
His Holiness the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama in Peking with China’s paramount leader, Chairman Mao Zedong (center) during one of their many meetings in 1954.
Photo courtesy: Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama
His Holiness the Dalai Lama being welcomed by Maharaja Tashi Namgyal of Sikkim in 1956. The Dalai Lama is seen in traditional attire with a choksha hat, accompanied by his brother Lobsang (left) and Panchen Lama (right).
Photo courtesy: Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama
His Holiness the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama at the 2500th Birth Anniversary commemoration of the Lord Buddha in Delhi, India, 1956.
Photo courtesy: The Tibet Museum
A group photo of Buddhist delegates with Indian Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the Maharaja of Sikkim and Burma’s Prime Minister, during the 2500th Birth Anniversary commemoration of the Lord Buddha, in Delhi, 1956.
Photo courtesy: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives
Indian Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru points out a landmark to His Holiness the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama during their travel to India in 1955-1956, to observe the 2500th birth anniversary of the Buddha.
Photo courtesy: Library of Tibetan Work and Archives
His Holiness the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama with Indian Prime Minister Nehru (left) and President Dr. Rajendra Prasad (right) during a state banquet at the Presidential Estate, Rashtrapati Bhavan, Delhi, 1956.
Photo courtesy: The Tibet Museum
A rare portrait of His Holiness the Dalai Lama with his family at Hyderabad House, Delhi,1956. From left to right: his great mother Dekyi Tsering; elder sister Tsering Dolma; elder brother Thubten Jigme Norbu (Taktser Rinpoche), Gyalo Thondup and Lobsang Samten; His Holiness the Dalai Lama; younger sister Jetsun Pema; and younger brother Tenzin Choegyal (Ngari Rinpoche).
Reaching out to world
As threats from China intensified, the Tibetan government made urgent diplomatic efforts to affirm Tibet’s independence and engage with the international community. In 1947, Tibet participated in the First Asian Relations Conference in New Delhi, where the Tibetan delegation was represented with its national flag and a map depicting Tibet as an independent nation, signalling its distinct political identity on the world stage.
In 1948, the Tibetan government sent an international trade delegation led by Finance Minister W.D. Shakabpa to India, China, the United Kingdom, and the United States using Tibetan-government-issued passports. This mission marked a major shift from Tibet’s traditional isolationist policy and sought to strengthen Tibet’s international standing while countering Chinese territorial claims. Earlier diplomatic outreach included a 1946 goodwill mission to the United States through the American Commissioner in New Delhi, expressing congratulations on the Allied victory in the Second World War.
Following China’s invasion of eastern Tibet in 1950, the 14th Dalai Lama appealed to the United Nations for international support. The Tibetan issue was raised at the UN General Assembly by El Salvador, leading to debates and international attention. In subsequent years, particularly after the Dalai Lama’s exile, the United Nations adopted resolutions in 1959, 1961, and 1965 acknowledging the suffering of the Tibetan people and affirming their right to self-determination.
Mahatma Gandhi addressing the closing plenary session of the Asian Relations Conference in Delhi in 1947. Seated beside him are delegates from Asian countries. Two Tibetan representatives (front right) are visible on the dais, with the Tibetan national flag prominently displayed among those of other participating nations. This marked one of Tibet’s earliest international diplomatic appearances in modern history.
Tibetan representatives Teiji Tsewang Rigzin Sampho and Khenchung Lobsang Wangyal attending the Asian Relations Conference, Delhi, 1947.
Photo courtesy: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives
The Tibetan Trade Delegation, led by Finance Minister W.D. Shakabpa is seen with British Prime Minister Clement Attlee at 10 Downing Street, London, UK, in 1948. Dispatched by the Tibetan government, the mission aimed to explore commercial treaty possibilities and assert Tibet’s independent status and counter Chinese territorial claims.
Photo courtesy: Shakabpa Collection
Members of the Tibetan delegation photographed during the ceremonial presentation of a letter and gifts to George R. Merrell, American Commissioner in New Delhi, addressed to the President of the United States, congratulating America on the Allied victory in the Second World War.
Photo courtesy: Harry S. Truman Library & Museum
A rare copy of the passport issued by the Tibetan government to Finance Minister Shakabpa for the 1947-48 Trade Mission. The delegation travelled extensively to India, China, the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, and Italy on a passport officially issued by the Tibetan government in Lhasa.
The Tibetan Delegation meeting with Indian President Dr. Rajendra Prasad in New Delhi in 1948, reflecting Tibet’s ongoing diplomatic outreach with newly independent India.
Delegates of the Tibetan government, led by W.D. Shakabpa, prepare in Delhi to depart for China in September 1950, in a last-minute effort to negotiate and avert Chinese invasion. But they did not end up going, as a month later, on 6th October 1950, the People’s Liberation Army attacked the small Tibetan forces in Chamdo. Shakabpa remained in India after the invasion and began to write his political history of Tibet.
Tibetan delegation members (left to right) Rinchen Sadhutsang, W.D. Shakabpa, and Gyalo Thondup, in front of the United Nations Headquarters in New York on October 1, 1959. The delegation travelled to New York to present Tibet’s case to the General Assembly of the United Nations, following the brutal suppression of the Tibetan uprising and His Holiness the Lama’s escape into exile.
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation
The Great Escape
In March 1959, growing fears that Chinese authorities planned to abduct His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama sparked a massive uprising in Lhasa. Tens of thousands of Tibetans gathered around Norbulingka, the Dalai Lama’s summer palace, to protect him. What began as a peaceful demonstration on March 10 quickly escalated into a nationwide resistance movement. Tibetan women also played a leading role in the protests, demanding Tibet’s independence and the withdrawal of Chinese forces. The uprising was violently suppressed as Chinese troops shelled Lhasa, causing widespread destruction and loss of life.
Amid the worsening crisis, the Dalai Lama made the difficult decision to flee Tibet. On the night of March 17, 1959, disguised as a lay soldier, he escaped from Norbulingka, accompanied by a small group of entourage. Over the next two weeks, they travelled across the Himalayas on foot and horseback, avoiding Chinese forces and enduring harsh conditions. During the journey, the Dalai Lama repudiated the Seventeen-Point Agreement and reaffirmed Tibet’s historical independence.
On March 31, 1959, the Dalai Lama crossed safely into India, where he was warmly received by local communities and Indian officials. In subsequent public statements, he explained that Chinese military violence and repression had forced his escape and expressed gratitude to India for granting asylum. After a brief stay in Mussoorie, he settled in Dharamshala in 1960, where he established the Tibetan government-in-exile known as the Central Tibetan Administration.
His escape marked a turning point in modern Tibetan history. It ensured the survival of Tibet’s spiritual and political leadership in exile and began a renewed mission to preserve Tibetan culture, identity, and the enduring hope for freedom.
In the morning of March 10, 1959, around 30,000 Tibetans in Lhasa streamed out of the city and surrounded the Norbulingka to protect His Holiness the Dalai Lama from a suspected Chinese plot to abduct him during a performance.
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation
Wearing ordinary layman’s clothes, His Holiness the Dalai Lama left Lhasa to continue his leadership of the Tibetan people in exile. Also seen in the picture is Ratu Ngawang (front), one of the founding members of the Volunteer Freedom Fighters (VFF), who accompanied His Holiness the Dalai Lama and ensured his safe arrival into India.
Photo Courtesy: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives
At Lhuntse Dzong on March 26, 1959, His Holiness the Dalai Lama repudiated the Seventeen-Point Agreement and announced the reconstitution of the government of Tibet as the legal constituted authority over Tibet.
Photo courtesy: The Tibet Museum
Thousands of Tibetan women gathered in front of the Potala Palace to protest against Chinese invasion in Tibet. China responded with brutal force by shelling the city and killing thousands, Lhasa, March 12, 1959.
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation
His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Tenzin Choegyal (His Holiness’ younger brother) on His Holiness’ left, Phala Thupten Woeden (Lord Chamberlain) on His Holiness’ right, and the security personnel pictured during a halt while on their way to India, March 1959.
Photo Courtesy: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives
His Holiness the Dalai Lama and his retinue passing through a Tibetan village en route to India in March 1959.
Photo courtesy: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives
After crossing the treacherous terrains of the Himalayan Mountains for 14 days, His Holiness the Dalai Lama and his entourage safely entered India on March 31, 1959 via Chuthangmu, a border post manned by Assam Rifles.
Photo courtesy: Claude Arpi
P. N. Menon, the special envoy sent by Indian Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, received His Holiness the Dalai Lama at Bomdila on April 12, 1959.
Photo Courtesy: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives
His Holiness the Dalai Lama addresses the Indian public for the first time after coming into exile. Over 700 people were gathered at the college ground in Tezpur to listen to His Holiness the Dalai Lama on April 18, 1959.
Photo Courtesy: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives
From Tezpur, His Holiness the Dalai Lama and his entourage travelled to Mussoorie, a hill station in Uttar Pradesh (now Uttarakhand), near Dehradun in April 1959. However, in 1960, His Holiness the Dalai Lama moved to Dharamshala, a small British summer station in Himachal Pradesh. Here, His Holiness is seen in Birla House, Mussoorie, along with Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi, daughter of Nehru who later became the Prime Minister of India, April 1959.
Photo courtesy: The Tibet Museum
Hundreds of locals from Tawang and nearby places came to catch a glimpse of His Holiness the Dalai Lama at Tawang Monastery on April 5, 1959.
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation.
Assam Rifles, a paramilitary force under the Ministry of Home Affairs of India, escorted His Holiness the Dalai Lama from Chuthangmu to Bomdila. Here, His Holiness the Dalai Lama walks past a guard of honor by the Assam Rifles at the official reception for His Holiness, Bomdila, April 12, 1959.
Photo Courtesy: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives
In the first ever official press conference convened on 18 April 1959 at Tezpur, Assam, Yuthok Jigme Dorjee (left) and Surkhang Lhawang Topgyal (right) read out the statement of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, which repudiated the 17-point agreement signed under duress on May 21, 1951.
Escape route of His Holiness the Dalai Lama as illustrated in his memoir, ‘My Land and My People.’
Early Life and Recognitions
Following His Holiness the Dalai Lama’s escape from Tibet in 1959, tens of thousands of Tibetans fled into exile, with many seeking refuge in India, Nepal, and Bhutan despite severe hardships and dangers along the journey. One of His Holiness’s immediate priorities was the rehabilitation and resettlement of the refugee community. With support from the Government of India, transit camps were established, followed by permanent agricultural settlements in regions such as Karnataka. These settlements gradually developed into thriving communities sustained through farming, handicrafts, and cooperative work. Today, dozens of Tibetan settlements across India, Nepal and Bhutan continue to provide homes and livelihoods for the exile community.
Education became another central focus of rebuilding Tibetan society in exile. The first Tibetan school was established in Mussoorie in 1960, followed by a network of schools across India and Nepal under the guidance of the Central Tibetan Administration. Institutions such as the Central School for Tibetans, Tibetan Children’s Village and Tibetan Homes Foundation played a crucial role in preserving Tibetan language, culture, and identity while providing modern education to refugee children.
Preserving Tibet’s spiritual and cultural heritage was equally vital after the destruction of thousands of monasteries by the communist Chinese government, particularly during the Cultural Revolution. Under the Dalai Lama’s leadership, more than 200 monasteries and nunneries were re-established in exile. Important institutions—including the Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, the Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts, and Men-Tsee-Khang—were founded to safeguard Tibetan religion, medicine, arts, and scholarship.
Through these efforts, the Tibetan people successfully rebuilt a vibrant and resilient community in exile. Despite displacement from their homeland, they preserved their cultural identity, spiritual traditions, and collective sense of nationhood under the leadership of His Holiness the Dalai Lama.
A group of newly arrived Tibetan refugees at Missamari Transit Camp in Assam (formerly West Bengal), April 1959. Within weeks, over 6,000 Tibetans had arrived in Missamari, where they were provided temporary shelter.
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation.
A group of Tibetan monks at Buxa Transit Camp in West Bengal. Initially a transit camp for Tibetan refugees coming via Bhutan, the camp was later designated as a monastic center—known as “Lama Ashram. The first Tibetan monastery in exile was established here.
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation.
In the early years of exile, many Tibetans worked on road construction projects across the Himalayan regions of India, Nepal, and Bhutan. These labor-intensive jobs provided a livelihood in the absence of formal support.
Photo courtesy: The Tibet Museum.
The first group of Tibetan settlers arrives at Bylakuppe in Karnataka State via Mysore on 10 December 1960. The Tibetan national flag is seen atop the lead vehicle—a symbol of pride and resilience.
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation
His Holiness the Dalai Lama inspecting agricultural development during his first visit to the Lugsung Samdupling Tibetan Settlement in Bylakuppe, Karnataka State, 1963.
Photo courtesy: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives.
A group of resident refugees en route to the newly established Tenzingang Tibetan settlement in Arunachal Pradesh, guided by Namgyal Tsering, then Office Secretary of the settlement, 1970’s.
His Holiness the Dalai Lama at the inauguration of the first residential school for Tibetan refugee children in Mussoorie, 3 March, 1960. The school opened with 50 students aged between 13 to 35.
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation.
Tibetan Refugee Nursery, Dharamshala, 1960. Founded by His Holiness’ elder sister Tsering Dolma in May 1960, the nursery looks after the Tibetan refugee children. It later evolved into the Tibetan Children’s Village (TCV), led for decades by His Holiness’s younger sister Jetsun Pema.
Copyright: Marist College, Lowell Thomas Collection
His Holiness the Dalai Lama with Tibetan children from road camps, Dharamshala, 1960. Over 50 children from Jammu Road construction camps received an audience with His Holiness at Swarg Ashram—His Holiness's first residence in Dharamshala.
Photo courtesy: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives.
His Holiness the Dalai Lama being welcomed by children and staff of the Tibetan Homes Foundation in Mussoorie. The foundation was established to provide orphaned and destitute Tibetan children a nurturing family environment. Inaugurated by His Holiness on April 23, 1963, the first three homes were personally funded by him.
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation.
His Holiness the Dalai Lama during a visit to the Central School for Tibetans in Bylakuppee, Karnataka State, late 1960s.
Photo courtesy: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives.
The first re-established Gelug monastery in exile, Gaden Shartse Norling, was founded in 1970 at Mundgod Tibetan Settlement. It continues the legacy of one of the three great monastic institutions of Tibet.
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation
His Holiness the Dalai Lama with chief guest M.C. Chagla (Union Minister for Education) at the inauguration of Tibet House, Jor Bagh, New Delhi, October 26, 1965. Behind His Holiness are his two tutors and Mrs. Indira Gandhi, with Domo Geshe Rinpoche, the first Director of Tibet House.
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation
His Holiness the Dalai Lama reviewing the blueprint of the construction of the Library of Tibetan Works and Archives (LTWA) with Gyatso Tshering, the first acting director. The foundation stone was laid by His Holiness the Dalai Lama on June 11, 1970, in Dharamshala, establishing a vital institution for preservation and research.
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation
Democratisation in Exile (taken content from reimagining governance)
After coming into exile in India, Nepal and Bhutan in 1959, Tibetans faced the immense challenge of rebuilding their nation without a homeland. In response, His Holiness the Dalai Lama established the Central Tibetan Administration (CTA) in Mussoorie in April 1959 and began transforming the traditional system into a democratic government-in-exile, as the continuation of Tibet’s legitimate government. Early efforts emphasized unity, exemplified by the 1960 “Great Oath of Unity” taken by representatives of Tibet’s three provinces at a gathering in Bodhgaya, India.
Following the CTA’s relocation to Dharamshala, April 1960, key democratic reforms were introduced, including the creation of the first elected body in 1960 - now the Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile - marking the foundation of Tibetan democracy. Over time, further milestones strengthened the system, such as the 1963 Draft Constitution and the 1991 Charter of Tibetan-in-Exile, which established separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judiciary.
Democratic participation deepened in 2001 with the first direct election of the Kalon Tripa (Prime Minister), and in 2011, His Holiness the Dalai Lama fully transferred all political authority to elected leaders. Today, the Tibetan democratic system in exile stands as a testament to His Holiness’s vision - harmonizing spiritual values with modern political ideals, continuing to represent Tibetans worldwide while promoting unity, resilience, and self-governance.
His Holiness the Dalai Lama addressing a group of Tibetan government officials at Birla House, Mussoorie. On April 29, 1959, His Holiness formally established the Tibetan Government-in-Exile, as the continuation of the Gaden Phodrang government of independent Tibet.
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation
His Holiness the Dalai Lama during his first formal press conference at Birla House, Mussoorie, June 29, 1959. He publicly denounced the “17-Point Agreement” imposed by China and declared that his government-in-exile (Central Tibetan Administration) as a legitimate government of Tibet.
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation
“… All Tibetans will strongly atone for their past misdeeds, and in the future shoulder our responsibility in accordance with the visions of His Holiness the Dalai Lama. Furthermore, we will eschew pursuance of personal name and fame driven by mutualjealousies and narrow-mindedness and remain united like an iron ball. There is no better way to achieve the short- and long-term collective happiness for all Tibetans other than for each of us to carry out his responsibilities per each person’s ability, in accordance with His Holiness the Dalai Lama’s deep vision and guidance. This being the unanimous observation of all of us, we have voluntarily and with our minds filled with happiness resolutely passed this resolution and pledge never to violate it.”
An excerpt from Na-gan Thunmoche (The Great Oath of Unity), pledged at the sacred site of Bodhgaya in the early 1960s by representatives of all monastic and lay communities of the three Tibetan provinces. The oath reaffirmed a collective commitment to unity under the leadership of His Holiness the Dalai Lama.
Surkhang Wangchen Gelek
Chairman of the Kashag
Liushar Thupten Tharpa
Minister of Foreign
Shenkha Gyurmey Topgyal
Minister of Religion
Yuthok Tashi Dhondup
Minister of Foreign
Gadrang Lobsang Rigzin
Minister of Finance
Members of the First Commission of Tibetan People’s Deputies (now Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile) from September 2, 1960, to February 19, 1964. The 13 elected members represented the three provinces of Tibet and four schools of Tibetan Buddhism.
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation.
His Holiness addressing Tibetans gathered at the grounds of Mortimer House, Dharamshala, during the 4th anniversary of the promulgation of the draft constitution for future Tibet, Dharamshala, March 10, 1967.
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation.
His Holiness the Dalai Lama addressing the public on Tibetan Democracy Day, Dharamshala, September 2, 1970.
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation.
His Holiness the Dalai Lama presiding over the Annual General Meeting in Dharamshala, 1972. Attendees included members of the Commission of Tibetan People's Deputies (CTPD), ministers, departmental heads, and representatives from all Tibetan settlements, who gathered to discuss issues concerning the exiled Tibetan community.
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation
Prof. Samdhong Rinpoche, then Speaker of the Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile, signing the Charter of Tibetans-in-Exile on June 14, 1991. The Charter institutionalized the separation of powers among the legislature, executive, and judiciary.
His Holiness the Dalai Lama addressing the 11th Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile in Dharamshala, 1994.
Photo courtesy: The Tibet Museum
A court hearing at the Tibetan Supreme Justice Commission, Dharamshala, 1999—reflecting the evolution of the Tibetan exile judiciary.
Kesang Yankyi Takla taking the oath of office as Kalon (Minister) for the Department of Health from His Holiness the Dalai Lama at his residence in Dharamshala, October 24, 2006. She later served as Kalon for the Department of Information and International Relations from November 2007.
His Holiness the Dalai Lama formally announces his retirement from political responsibilities during a public teaching at the main temple (Tsuglagkhang), Dharamshala, March 19, 2011.
Photo courtesy: The Tibet Museum
Dr. Lobsang Sangay, newly elected Kalon Tripa takes the oath of office from Tibetan Supreme Justice Commissioner Ngawang Phelgyal Genchen, in the presence of His Holiness the Dalai Lama at Main Temple, Dharamshala, 8 August 2011.
Photo by Tenzin Choejor, OHHDL
Penpa Tsering (R), the fifth directly elected Sikyong, takes the oath of office and secrecy before Chief Justice Commissioner Sonam Norbu Dagpo, (L) at the Tibetan Supreme Justice Commission, Dharamsala, May 27, 2021.
Photo courtesy: tibet.net
A Global Messenger of Peace and Compassion
His Holiness the Great 14th Dalai Lama is widely respected as a global symbol of peace, compassion, and moral leadership. Since coming into exile in 1959, he has travelled extensively— visiting over 67 countries—sharing messages of non-violence, altruism, and the oneness of humanity with leaders and communities worldwide.
Through his interactions with political figures, religious leaders, and scholars, he has consistently advocated for a peaceful resolution to the Tibetan issue, especially through his “Middle Way Approach,” which promotes genuine autonomy within the People’s Republic of China. His teachings emphasize shared humanity, interdependence, and compassionate responsibility at both individual and global levels.
A prolific author and speaker, he has written over 110 books addressing topics such as ethics, emotional well-being, interfaith dialogue, and education. His lifelong efforts to promote human values, religious harmony, and compassionate leadership continue to inspire people across the world, with the ultimate aim of creating a more peaceful and humane global society.
His Holiness the Dalai Lama with Indian Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Lal Nehru and his daughter Indira Gandhi (who later became Prime Minister of India) in Delhi.
Photo courtesy: The Tibet Museum
His Holiness made his first international trip after coming into exile to Japan at the invitation of the Society for the Promotion of Buddhism. During his visit from September 25 to October 10, 1967, he inaugurated the Exhibition of Tibetan Treasures, featuring objects from His Holiness private collections and the New Delhi-based Tibet House.
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation
His Holiness visited the Kingdom of Thailand between November 10 and 19, 1967, and where he met King Bhumibol Adulyadej, and the Prime Minister, Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn.
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation
His Holiness the Dalai Lama arriving at Kloten Airport, Zürich, Switzerland, in October 1973. His first Europe tour, from 28th September and 12th November, 1973 included visits to 11 countries: Italy, Switzerland, Netherlands, Belgium, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, United Kingdom, West Germany and Austria.
Photo courtesy: Wikimedia Commons
During his European visit, His Holiness met with Pope Paul VI, Dr. Arthur M. Ramsey, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and numerous other dignitaries.
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation
His Holiness the Dalai Lama speaking at Amherst College, Massachusetts, on October 11, 1979, during his first visit to the United States.
Photo courtesy: Amherst College Photographer Records
His Holiness the Dalai Lama meeting with US President George H.W. Bush in Washington DC, on April 16, 1991. He was the first American President to meet with His Holiness the Dalai Lama, paving the way for subsequent meetings with Presidents Bill Clinton, George W. Bush and Barack Obama.
Photo courtesy: Official White House Photograph
His Holiness the Dalai Lama with British Prime Minister John Major and Archbishop of Canterbury Dr. George Carey in London, December 2, 1991.
Photo by Clive Arrowsmith
His Holiness the Dalai Lama with South African President Nelson Mandela in Cape Town, South Africa, August 22, 1996.
Photo courtesy: The Tibet Museum
His Holiness meeting with US President Bill Clinton in Washington D.C., November 10, 1998.
Photo courtesy: Official White House Photograph
His Holiness the Dalai Lama with Taiwanese President Lee Teng-Hui in Taipei, March 27 1997.
Photo courtesy: The Tibet Museum
His Holiness meeting with former Indian Defence Minister George Fernandes.
Photo by Tsephel, Courtesy: The Tibet Museum
His Holiness the Dalai Lama with US President George W. Bush in Washington D.C., May 23, 2001.
Photo courtesy: Official White House Photograph
His Holiness the Dalai Lama with Czech President Vaclav Havel in Prague, 2002.
Photo courtesy: Manuel Bauer
His Holiness the Dalai Lama meeting with Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Deputy Prime Minister Lal Krishna Advani, 2000s.
Photo courtesy: Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama
His Holiness the Dalai Lama with former USSR President and Nobel Laureate Mikhail Gorbhachev in Rome, Italy, November 28, 2003.
Photo courtesy: Manuel Bauer
His Holiness the Dalai Lama meeting with US Senators in Washington D.C., 2005.
Photo by Sonam Zoksang
His Holiness the Dalai Lama with German Chancellor Angela Merkel in Berlin, Germanay, September 23, 2007.
Photo courtesy: The Tibet Museum
His Holiness the Dalai Lama waves to the crowd after delivering a speech on the West Lawn of the US Capitol in Washington, D.C., on October 17, 2007. Earlier that day, he received the Congressional Gold Medal inside the Capitol Rotunda—the highest civilian honor in the United States.
Photo by Sonam Zoksang
His Holiness the Dalai Lama meeting with Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper in Ottawa, Canada, October 29, 2007.
Photo courtesy: Shutterstock
His Holiness the Dalai Lama addressing an event in front of the Brandenburg Gate, Berlin, Germany, 2008.
Photo courtesy: Wikimedia Commons
His Holiness the Dalai Lama with former Indian President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam in Dharamshala, January 2, 2009.
Photo courtesy: Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama
His Holiness the Dalai Lama with House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (left), Senator John McCain (right), and Annette Lantos (front), widow of the late Representative Tom Lantos, at the Lantos Human Rights Prize ceremony in Washington, D.C. on October 6, 2009.
Photo by Sonam Zoksang
His Holiness the Dalai Lama with Prince Charles (now King Charles III), London, June 20, 2012.
Photo courtesy: Ian Cumming
His Holiness the Dalai Lama with Burmese leader and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Aung Sang Suu Kyi in Prague, Czech Republic, September 15, 2013.
Photo courtesy: Jeremy Russell, Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama
His Holiness the Dalai Lama with fellow Nobel Laureates Jody Williams (left) and Shirin Ebadi (right) at the Main Temple, Dharamshala, India, December 10, 2014.
Photo by Tenzin Phende, DIIR, CTA
Archbishop Desmond Tutu dancing to all the children singing 'We are the World' during his visit with His Holiness the Dalai Lama to Tibetan Children's Village School (TCV) in Upper Dharamsala, HP, India, April 23, 2015.
Photo by Tenzin Choejor, OHHDL
His Holiness the Dalai Lama visits Dallas for a moderated conversation at Southern Methodist University and a visit to the George W. Bush Presidential Center, July 1, 2015.
Photo by Sonam Zoksang
His Holiness the Dalai Lama meeting with former Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh in New Delhi, India, January 4, 2016.
Photo by Tenzin Choejor, Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama
US President Barack Obama greets His Holiness the Dalai Lama at the entrance of the Map Room of the White House, Washington D.C., June 15, 2016.
Photo by Pete Souza, Official White House Photographs
His Holiness the Dalai Lama with Indian President Pranab Mukherji during the inaugural session of the first-ever Laureates and Leaders for Children Summit at Rashtrapati Bhavan (Presidential Palace), New Delhi, December 10, 2016.
Photo by Tenzin Choejor, Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama
His Holiness the Dalai Lama presenting a stupa to Bihar Chief Minister Shri Nitesh Kumar at Bodhgaya, Bihar, January 2017.
Photo by Tenzin Choejor, OHHDL
His Holiness meeting with Czech Republic President Petr Pavel in Leh, Ladakh, India. During the meeting, President Paul extended his warm congratulations to His Holiness on the occasion of his 90th birthday, July 27, 2025.
Photo by Tenzin Choejor, Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama
His Holiness the Dalai Lama, joined by Hollywood actor Richard Gere, Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar, and Arunachal Pradesh Chief Minister Nabam Tuki, releasing his book "Beyond Religion" on the final day of the Kalachakra for World Peace in Bodhgaya, Bihar, January 10, 2012.
Photo by Tenzin Choejor, OHHDL
His Holiness the Dalai Lama announcing the release of his new book "Voice for the Voiceless: Decades of Struggle with China for My Land and My People“, Dharamshala, India, January 24, 2025.
Photo by Tenzin Choejor, OHHDL
A selection of His Holiness the Dalai Lama’s most widely read and influential books, authored and co-authored across decades:
My Land and My People: Memoirs of the Dalai Lama of Tibet, Potala Publications, New York, 1962
Freedom in Exile: The Autobiography of the Dalai Lama, HarperCollins, New York, 1991
The Art of Happiness, Riverhead Books, New York, 1998
Ancient Wisdom, Modern World: Ethics for the New Millennium, Little, Brown and Company, London, 1999
An Open Heart: Practicing Compassion in Everyday Life, Back Bay Books, New York, 2001
Toward a True Kinship of Faiths: How the World’s Religions Can Come Together, Doubleday, New York, 2010
Beyond Religion: Ethics for a Whole World, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012
The Book of Joy, Penguin Random House, 2017
Voice for the Voiceless: Decades of Struggle with China for My Land and My People, HarperCollins Publishers, Ireland, 2025
His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama as Environmentalist and Global Citizen
His Holiness the Great 14th Dalai Lama is recognized not only as a spiritual leader but also as an early advocate for environmental protection, viewing it as both a moral and existential responsibility. Since his exile in 1959, he has emphasized that the Earth is a shared home, calling for a shift from self-interest to global responsibility and from exploitation of nature to respect for it.
Rooted in the Buddhist principle of interdependence, his teachings highlight the deep connection between human well-being and the health of the planet. He urges individuals and nations alike to act with compassion, moderation, and foresight to safeguard the environment for future generations.
As a global citizen, he promotes cooperation in addressing major environmental challenges such as climate change and resource depletion. His message centers on “universal responsibility,” encouraging collective action, ecological awareness, and a compassionate approach to ensure the survival and well-being of all life on Earth.
His Holiness the Great 14th Dalai Lama looking out over the Nubra Valley, north of Leh, Ladakh, July 20, 2017.
Photo by Tenzin Choejor, OHHDL
His Holiness with some of the flowers in bloom at his residence in McLeod Ganj, Dharamshala, August 22, 2018.
Photo by Ven-Jamphel, OHHDL
His Holiness speaking during the panel discussion on "Nobel Laureates on Human Rights – A View from Civil Society" in Geneva, Switzerland, on March 11, 2016.
Photo by Olivier Adam
His Holiness with Greta Thunberg and leading scientists during a live online discussion, A Conversation on the Crisis of Climate Feedback Loops, Dharamshala, January 9, 2021.
Photo by Tenzin Choejor, OHHDL
Scholars discussing environmental challenges with the Dalai Lama at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), The event was hosted by the Dalai Lama Center for Ethics and Transformative Values at MIT, in association with MIT’s Office of Religious Life, October 16, 2012.
Photo by Sonam Zoksang
His Holiness speaking at the Global Environmental Forum for the Next Generation, Tokyo, Japan, April 6, 2015.
Photo by Tenzin Choejor, OHDL
“Destruction of nature and natural resources results from ignorance, greed, and lack of respect for the earth’s living things…”
Message on World Environment Day, June 5, 1986
Mount Everest reflected in a melted glacial pool, near Rongbuk, Tibet.
Photo by Michael Buckley
“This blue planet is our only home and Tibet is its roof. As vital as the Arctic and Antarctic, it is the Third Pole. The Tibetan Plateau needs to be protected, not just for Tibetans but for the environmental health and sustainability of the entire world.”
His Holiness the Dalai Lama, November 12, 2019.
Photo by Michael Buckley
“The world belongs to its 7 billion inhabitants. In the past, communities could flourish in isolation, but now we can’t. This World Environment Day, let’s remember that we depend on each other and that to meet the challenge of climate change, we have to work together.”
World Environment Day, June 5, 2018
The view from the summit of Everest on the Tibetan side. The Rongbuk Glacier (middle) feeds the Rongbuk Valley and the highlands of Tibet beyond. In the past 80 years, the Rongbuk has shrunk by more than 100 vertical meters across the entire glacier—approximately the height of the Statue of Liberty.
Courtesy of Pat Morrow/patmorrow.com
“Look at those big ices in North and South Pole, the amount of melting is also very serious. And snow mountains and glaciers in Tibet are also rapidly melting. Basically, I am not an expert, but I have serious concern about that.”
Banner shot of Earth, by Nasa. Courtesy of Michael Buckley.
When we see photographs of the Earth from space, we see no boundaries between us, just this one blue planet. This is no longer a time to think only of ‘my nation’ or ‘our continent’ alone. There is a real need for a greater sense of global responsibility based on a sense of the oneness of humanity.”
Message to delegates of COP24 UN Climate Conference, November 20, 2018.
His Holiness under the sacred Bodhi Tree, Bodhgaya, India, where the Buddha is said to have attained enlightenment.
Photo: Manuel Bauer, Collection of Michael Buckley
“Under a tree was the great Sage Buddha born. Under a tree, he overcame passion and attained enlightenment. Under two trees did he pass in Nirvana. Verily, the Buddha held the tree in great esteem.”
— From The Sheltering Tree of Interdependence, composed by His Holiness the Dalai Lama, 1993
Indian students in Delhi, joining millions of students from across 160 countries in the Global Climate Strike inspired by Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg.<brPhoto by Michael Buckley
“Change only takes place through action. Frankly speaking, not through prayer or meditation but through action.”
His Holiness planting a tree at Rajgiri, Bihar, India.<brPhoto by Tenzin Choejor, OHHDL
“Since I too have a responsibility in this matter (i.e., to work for the protection of the environment and to see that the present and future generations of mankind can make use of refreshing shade and fruits of trees), I bought these seeds of fruit-bearing trees with part of my Nobel Peace Prize money to be distributed now, to people representing different regions (all the continents of the world are represented here) during this Kalachakra gathering. These seeds have been kept near the Kalachakra mandala for purification and blessings. Since these include seeds of apricot, walnut, papaya, guava, etc., suitable for planting under varying geographical conditions, experts in respective places should be consulted on their planting and care and, thus, you all should see my sincere aspiration is fulfilled.”
From His Holiness speech at the Kalachakra Initiation, Sarnath, India, December 29, 1990, when His Holiness distributed seeds of fruit-bearing trees to encourage environmental protection through planting.
Status marker of the Athabasca Glacier (1890 to 2006), Columbia Icefield, Jasper National Park. Alberta, Canada, August 6, 2025.<brPhoto by Tashi Phuntsok
“Climate change is not the concern of just one or two nations. It is an issue that affects the whole of humanity and every living being on this earth. This beautiful planet is our only home. If, due to global warming and other environmental problems, the earth cannot sustain itself, there is no other planet to which we can move. We have to take serious action now to protect our environment and find constructive solutions to global warming.”
His Holiness the Dalai Lama addressing the crowd at the conclusion of his teaching in Leh, Ladakh, July 30, 2017.
Photo by Tenzin Choejor, OHHDL
“In this time of great fear, it is important that we think of the long-term challenges— and possibilities — of the entire globe. Photographs of the world from space clearly show that there are no real boundaries on our blue planet. Therefore, all of us must take care of it and work to prevent climate change and other destructive forces. This pandemic serves as a warning that only by coming together with a coordinated global response will we meet the unprecedented challenges we face.”
At the time of the Coronavirus pandemic, TIME Magazine, April 14, 2020
Leafy Buddha painting by Tashi Norbu.
“[If Buddha returned to this world] Buddha would be green ... [If I joined a political party now,] I would like to join the Green Party. I think their idea is good.”
His Holiness the Dalai Lama’s Advocacy for Gender Equality
His Holiness the Great 14th Dalai Lama has been a powerful global voice for gender equality, emphasizing that compassion, wisdom, and leadership are not confined by gender. He often says, “The world needs more women leaders,” recognizing their unique role in shaping a more compassionate future.
For Tibetans, His Holiness has been a transformative figure in advancing women’s rights. He initiated reserved seats for women in the Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile, supported the revival of the Tibetan Women’s Association in exile—a continuation of its legacy in independent Tibet—and was instrumental in enabling Tibetan nuns to attain the Geshema degree, equivalent to a Ph.D. in Buddhist philosophy.
Through both words and action, His Holiness has opened new pathways for women’s leadership, education, and empowerment—ensuring that Tibetan women, and women everywhere, have a vital role in shaping a more just, peaceful world.
The Second Commission of the Tibetan People’s Deputies (February 20, 1964 – September 1, 1966) had 17 elected members, with three seats reserved for women – one from each region of Tibet. Taring Rinchen Dolma (U-tsang), Yabtsang Dechen Dolma (Dhotoe) and Taklha Tsering Dolma (Dhomey) became the first Tibetan women parliamentarians in exile.
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation
His Holiness the Dalai Lama meeting with members of the TWA following its re-establishment on September 10, 1984.
Front row seated L to R: Namgyal Lhamo Taklha, Rinchen Dolma Taring, Jetsun Pema, Rinchen Khando, Khando Chagzoetsang.
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation
His Holiness the Dalai Lama presenting Geshema degrees to each of the first twenty recipients, Drepung Lachi, Mundgod, Karnatak, India, December 22, 2016.
Photo by Olivier Adam
Members of the 11th Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile (May 29, 1991 - May 28, 1996). In May 1990, His Holiness the Dalai Lama initiated far-reaching democratic reforms through the promulgation of the Charter of Tibetans in Exile. The reform expanded the Assembly to 46 members, reserving two seats for women from each of the three provinces – U-tsang, Dhotoe and Dhomey.
His Holiness the Dalai Lama speaking at the historic ceremony awarding nuns the first Geshema Degrees, Drepung Lachi in Mundgod, Karnataka, India, December 22, 2016.
Photo by Olivier Adam
Namdol Phuntsok, who achieved the highest results in the Geshem examination, presenting a citation of gratitude to His Holiness at Drepung Lachi Monastery in Mundgod, Karnataka, India, December 22, 2016.
Photo by Olivier Adam
Participants of the re-established Tibetan Women’s Association (TWA) receiving an audience with His Holiness the Dalai Lama at his residence. The TWA was officially re-established on September 10, 1984 with the blessing of His Holiness the Dalai Lama and today has over 20,000 members and 58 chapters worldwide.
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation
Joyful faces of some of the twenty nuns to be awarded Geshema Degrees, standing in the front row in the courtyard of Drepung Lachi Monastery, following His Holiness the Dalai Lama’s address, Mundgod, December 22, 2016.
Photo by Olivier Adam
His Holiness the Dalai Lama with the first twenty nuns to receive a Geshema degree, Drepung Lachi Monastery, Mundgod, Karnatak, India, December 22, 2016.
Photo by Olivier Adam
Bridging Tradition—The Dalai Lama’s Vision for Science, Spirituality, and the Future
His Holiness the Great 14th Dalai Lama’s lifelong interest in science began in childhood with a curiosity for mechanics and technology. In exile, this curiosity matured into a deeper effort to connect Buddhist philosophy with modern scientific inquiry. He believes that meaningful understanding arises through dialogue between science, which studies the material world, and Buddhism, which explores the mind and consciousness.
Over the past decades, he has actively fostered collaboration between scientists and Buddhist scholars, engaging in discussions on topics such as neuroscience, meditation, and ethics. These exchanges led to significant initiatives like the Mind & Life Institute, which facilitates ongoing dialogue, and the Emory-Tibet Science Initiative, which integrates modern scientific education into Tibetan monastic training.
Through these efforts, the Dalai Lama has advanced a unique vision that bridges tradition and modernity—promoting mutual learning between science and spirituality to better understand the mind, improve human well-being, and shape a more informed and compassionate future.
His Holiness the Dalai Lama engaged in his only hobby, repairing...
Photo by Taikan Usui
His Holiness the Dalai Lama visiting the historic Royal Observatory in Greenwich London, during his visit to the British capital on July 3, 1984.
His Holiness the Dalai Lama repairing watches at his residence in McLeod Ganj, Dharamshala, March 1, 1996. His Holiness still owns a Rolex watch gifted to him by the late U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
A crowd gathers to observe an EEG recording during the Mind & Life Dialogue IV in 1992. Among those present are His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Adam Engle, Francisco Varela, Alan Wallace, Jerome (Pete) Engle, Barry Hershey, Thupten Jinpa, Roshi Joan Halifax, Alex Berzin, Charles Taylor,Thubten Chodron, Renukah Singh, and others. Greg Simpson is seen wearing the electrode cap.
Credit Cliff Saron.
His Holiness the Dalai Lama with scientists during the Mind and Life Dialogue held in Dharamshala, 1993.
Photo by Taikan Usui.
His Holiness the Dalai Lama on the fifth day of the Mind & Life XXVI Dialogue at Drepung Lachi Monastery, Mundgod, Karnataka, January 22, 2013. The six-day event, convened at His Holiness request, brought together 20 of the world’s leading scientists and philosophers with senior Tibetan scholars. Several thousand monks and nuns from Tibetan monastic centers were in attendance.
Photo by Sonam Tsering
Mathieu Ricard presenting the Buddhist perspective on consciousness during the fourth day of the Mind and Life XXVI Dialogue at Drepung Lachi in Mundgod, Karnataka, India, on January 20, 2013.
Photo by Sonam Tsering
His Holiness the Dalai Lama and fellow panelists at the Neuroplasticity and Healing Symposium at the University of Alabama in Birmingham, Alabama, US, on October 25, 2014.
Photo by Sonam Zoksang
His Holiness looking at Tilly Lockey's prosthetic hands during the discussion on ‘Robotics and Telepresence’ at De Nieuwe Kerk in Amsterdam, Netherlands, on September 15, 2018.
Photo by Taikan Usui
His Holiness the Dalai Lama discusses the Secular Ethics Teaching Project with invited experts and specialists from the Emory Tibet Scholars Initiative, Indianapolis, US.
Photo by Jeremy Russell, OHHDL Office, Courtesy: ETSI
His Holiness the Dalai Lama speaking at the inauguration of the Meditation & Science Center at Drepung Loseling Monastery, Mundgod, Karnataka, India on December 14, 2017.
Photo courtesy: ETSI
Honors and Recognition – A World’s Tribute
His Holiness the Great 14th Dalai Lama is globally revered as a symbol of peace, compassion, and moral leadership. While he considers himself a simple Buddhist monk, millions across the globe regard him as a source of hope and wisdom, embodying compassion for Buddhists and serving as a central figure for the Tibetan people.
His message centers on universal responsibility, emphasizing interdependence, non-violence, and dialogue in addressing global challenges. In recognition of his lifelong contributions to peace, human values, interfaith harmony, and environmental awareness, he has received over 150 international awards and honorary degrees from institutions and nations around the world.
These include the 1989 Nobel Peace Prize, honorary Canadian citizenship (2006), the U.S. Congressional Gold Medal (2007), and the Templeton Prize (2012). Despite such widespread recognition, he remains deeply humble, exemplifying simplicity and an enduring commitment to compassion and peace.
His Holiness the Dalai Lama receiving the Honory Doctorate from Banaras Hindu University, India, 1957.
Photo courtesy: The Tibet Museum
His Holiness the Dalai Lama being awarded the Noble Peace Prize by Mr. Egil Arvik, Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, in Oslo, Norway, December 10, 1989.
His Holiness the Dalai Lama being presented with the Franklin D. Roosevelt Freedom Medal by William J. Vanden Henvel, President of the Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, in Middleburg, the Netherlands, June 4, 1994.
Photo by Sijmen Hendriks
His Holiness the Dalai Lama receiving honorary Canadian citizenship from Monte Solberg, Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, at GM Place, Vancouver, Canada, September 9, 2006.Credit Image: © Heinz Ruckemann/ZUMApress.com)
His Holiness the Dalai Lama being presented with the US Congressional Gold Medal by US President George W. Bush at Capitol Hill, Washington, DC, October 17, 2007.
Photo by Sonam Zoksang
His Holiness the Dalai Lama receiving the Lantos Human Rights Prize from the Lantos Foundation for Human Rights and Justice at the US Capitol in Washington, DC, October 6, 2009. Also seen on the stage are House Foreign Affairs Chairman Congressman Howard Berman, President of the Lantos Foundation Katerina Lantos Swett, Senator John McCain, widow of the late Representative Tom Lantos Annette Lantos and Speaker Nancy Pelosi.
Photo by Sonam Zoksang
His Holiness the Dalai Lama receiving the Key to the City of Toronto from Mayor David Miller, Toronto, October 2010. The symbolic honor is conferred to distinguished individuals in recognition of their contributions.
Photo by Sonam Zoksang
His Holiness the Dalai Lama receiving the Mahatma Gandhi Peace and Reconciliation Award from Ms. Ela Gandhi, President of the South Africa based Gandhi Development Trust, in Bodhgaya, Bihar, January 4, 2012.
Photo by Sonam Tsering
His Holiness the Dalai Lama being conferred an honorary degree by Hunter College in New York City, October 19, 2012.
Photo by Sonam Zoksang
His Holiness the Dalai Lama receiving the 2012 Templeton Prize from Dr. John M. Templeton, Jr. at St. Paul’s Cathedral, London, May 14, 2012.
Photo by Clifford Shirley
His Holiness the Dalai Lama delivering the keynote address after being conferred with an honorary degree at Tulane University's Commencement Ceremony in New Orleans, Louisiana on May 18, 2013.
Photo by Sabree Hill
His Holiness the Dalai Lama receiving the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Community Leadership at his residence in Dharamshala, April 26, 2023. Originally awarded on April 31, 1959, the award was formally handed over by members of the Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation, Philippines.
Photo courtesy: Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama
His Holiness The Dalai Lama’s Principal Commitments
His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama—widely regarded as a global icon of peace, compassion, and wisdom—has dedicated his life to four principal commitments. These commitments transcend cultural, religious, and national boundaries, offering a path toward a more ethical, compassionate,and harmonious world.
Promotion of Human Values
At the heart of His Holiness’s vision is the cultivation of basic human values such as compassion, forgiveness, tolerance, contentment, and self-discipline. He often refers to these as secular ethics or universal values—essential for individual well-being and global peace.
He frequently reminds us: “As human beings, we are all the same. We all seek happiness and wish to avoid suffering.” These values, not tied to any specific religion, are accessible to all and promote a deeper sense of shared humanity.
His Holiness the Dalai Lama joining public prayer for flood victims in Leh, Ladakh, September 10, 2010.
Photo by Tenzin Choejor, OHHDL
His Holiness approaching a girl in a wheelchair to comfort and bless her family at Todaiji Temple, Nara, Japan, November 5, 2003.
Photo by Manuel Bauer
His Holiness speaking on "A Talk for World Peace" at the West Lawn of the US Capitol in Washington, D.C., July 9, 2011.
Photo by Tenzin Choejor, OHHDL
His Holiness after signing an autograph for a young local girl at the Main Temple, McLeod Ganj, Dharamshala, June 15, 2010.
Photo by Sonam Tsering
His Holiness meeting with a group of Dalai Lama Fellows at the end of their two-day meeting on "Compassion in Action: A Conversation about Leadership" at his residence in Dharamsala, HP, India, on March 21, 2024.
Photo by Ven Tenzin Jamphel, OHHDL
His Holiness visiting a school for children with disabilities in Freiburg, Germany, August 24, 2011.
Photo by Erhard Blatt
His Holiness playfully lifting the hood of fellow panellist Father Thomas Keating before the talk, "Beyond Religion: Ethics, Values, and Wellbeing" at the Marriott Copley in Boston, Massachusetts, October 14, 2012.
Photo by Sonam Zoksang
His Holiness blessing an elderly blind woman from the local Tibetan refugee community during a visit to Thupten Dorji Dak Monastery, Kasumpti, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, June 16, 2002.
Photo by Manuel Bauer
His Holiness addressing the seminar “Common Soil of Peace” at Syracuse University, New York, US, October 18, 2012.
Photo by Stephen Sartori, Syracuse University
At the 2014 Nobel Peace Prize Forum, His Holiness the Dalai Lama, offers a silk scarf in prayer and blessing for Bruce Kramer, former dean of the College of Education, Leadership, and Counselling at the University of St. Thomas, who was diagnosed with ALS, aka Lou Gehrig's Disease, Minneapolis, US.
Photo by Sonam Zoksang
His Holiness interacting with a young patient during a visit to Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, US.
Photo by Sonam Zoksang
His Holiness speaking to an audience of 5000 at Southern Methodist University's Moody Center, Dallas, Texas, US, July 1, 2015, emphasizing moral principles rooted in warm-heartedness in modern education.
Photo by Sonam Zoksang
His Holiness, with fellow panellists at "The Rise of Democracy in the Middle East,” part of the Common Ground for Peace Symposium at Syracuse University in Syracuse, New York, on October 8, 2012.
Photo by Stephen Sartori, Syracuse University
His Holiness delivering a public talk on “Ethics, Values, and Wellbeing” at HITEX Open Arena, organised by The Dalai Lama Center for Ethics, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, February 12, 2017.
Photo by Tenzin Choejor, OHHDL
His Holiness and fellow participants crossing the Peace Bridge during Children in Crossfire's “Culture of Compassion” event in Derry, Northern Ireland, April 18, 2013.
Photo/Jeremy Russell/OHHDL
His Holiness greeting young audience members during group photos with visitors from around the world at Main Temple Courtyard, McLeod Ganj, Dharamsala, India, May 19, 2018.
Photo by Jigmey Taydey, DIIR
His Holiness meeting with Indians and foreign tourists from 71 nations at Main Temple, McLeod Ganj, Dharamshala, June 9, 2018.
Photo by Sonam Tsering
His Holiness shaking hands with the members of the audience at the conclusion of his talk on “A Peaceful Mind in a Modern World” at American University’s Bender Arena in Washington D.C, US, on June 13, 2016.
Photo by Sonam Zoksang
Promotion of Inter-Religious Harmony
His Holiness is deeply committed to fostering understanding and harmony among the world’s major religious traditions. While acknowledging doctrinal differences, he emphasizes that all religions share the common goal of cultivating ethical, kind, and compassionate individuals.
He advocates mutual respect and open dialogue, urging people to appreciate that while one spiritual path may resonate personally, humanity embraces many traditions—each offering valuable insights into the human experience.
His Holiness meeting with Benedictine monks and abbots in the Jerusalem Chamber, Westminster Abbey, London, July 9, 1984, as part of efforts to foster interfaith dialogue and understanding.
His Holiness at an ecumenical service at Madrasa Zeya-Oloomul Mosque, Bodhgaya, Bihar, India, January 16, 2003. During his pilgrimages to Bodhgaya, site of Buddha’s enlightenment, he visits the local Muslim community whose mosque stands beside the Buddhist stupa, and the two faiths coexist in peace.
Photo by Manuel Bauer
His Holiness giving an initiation at Diskit monastery, Nubra Valley, Ladakh, India, July 22, 2003.
Photo by Manuel Bauer
His Holiness with Israel’s Chief Ashkenaki Rabbi Yehuda Metzger (left) and Chief Sephardic Rabbi Shlomo Amar (right) Jerusalem, February 20, 2006.
His Holiness with world religious leaders during a visit to the Golden Temple, Amritsar, Punjab, November 29, 2007.
Photo by Tenzin Choejor, OHHDL
His Holiness the Dalai Lama with (from left to right) Swami M.M. Gurusharanand Maharaj, Sant Shri Ramesh Oza, Swami Chidanand Saraswati Maharaj, Swami Ramdev, Bharatiya Janta Party leader and former Deputy Prime Minister L.K. Advani, and Shri Dr. Ramesh Pokhariali Nishank, at the launch of an encyclopedia on Hinduism, Haridwar, India, April 3, 2010.
Photo by Tenzin Choejor, OHHDL
His Holiness speaking during an interfaith dialogue at the Church of St. John the Divine, New York City, May 23, 2010, joined by moderator Dr. James A. Kowalski, translator Geshe Thupten Jinpa, and panellists Sakena Yacoobi and Dr. Eboo Patel.
His Holiness speaking on the importance of religious harmony at the National Cathedral, Washington, DC, on March 7, 2014.
Photo by Sonam Zoksang
His Holiness attending the bi-centennial celebration honouring Sri Swaminarayan, the founder of a Hindu ashram in Vadodara, two hundred years ago, Vadodara, Gujarat, India, January 1, 2002.
Photo by Manuel Bauer
His Holiness with fellow panellists Rabbi Mag Schlomo Hofmeister, Mag. Liuse Mueller, Archbishop Alois Kothgasser, and Dr Fuat Sanac during an “Inter-faith Dialogue on Harmony in Diversity” Salzburg, Austria, May 21, 2012.
Photo by Tenzin Choejor, OHHDL
His Holiness greeting Brother David Steindl-Rast before his talk on “Beyond Religion: Ethics, Values, and Well-being” in Boston, Massachusetts, US, October 14, 2012.
Photo by Sonam Zoksang
His Holiness with the then heads of the main Tibetan Buddhist traditions, beneath an image of Buddha Shakyamuni.
Photo by Tenzin Choejor, OHHDL
His Holiness visiting the Hazratbal Mosque, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, July 17, 2012.
Photo by Sonam Tsering
His Holiness offering prayers with the Sikh community during a visit to a Gurdwara, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, July 17, 2012.
Photo by Sonam Tsering
His Holiness playfully posing with Muslim leaders from Turtuk who came to meet him in Disket, Nubra Valley, Ladakh, on July 13th, 2017.
Photo by Tenzin Choejor, OHHDL
His Holiness at Kalachakra for World Peace, Verizon Center, Washington, D.C., as a woman in the audience spontaneously offers a prayer mudra.
Photo courtesy of Flicker.com
Preservation of Tibetan Culture and Environment
As the spiritual leader of the Tibetan people, His Holiness is devoted to preserving Tibet’s unique cultural heritage and fragile environment. He works tirelessly to promote global awareness of the richness of Tibetan language, spirituality, and philosophy.
He continues to advocate for a peaceful resolution to the Tibet issue and calls for urgent protection of the Tibetan Plateau—an ecologically vital region often called the “Third Pole.”
His Holiness the Dalai Lama giving evidence before the Legal Inquiry Committee on Tibet, chaired by Supreme Court lawyer Purushottam Trikamdas (seated to his right). The committee was constituted by the Geneva-based International Commission of Jurists, November 14, 1959.
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation
His Holiness with delegates of the first religious conference at Swarg Ashram, Dharamshala, November 9 - 12, 1963. Seated (L-R): Kyabje Dudjom Rinpoche, 16th Gyalwang Karmapa, Kyabje Sakya Trizin, Yongzin Ling Rinpoche, Yongzin Trijang Rinpoche and Bakula Rinpoche.
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation
The first group of 50 children receiving an audience of His Holiness at Swarg Ashram before leaving for Mussoorie to join the Tibetan Refugee Educational Institute, June, 1960
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation
His Holiness speaking at a road camp for Tibetan refugees in exile.
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation
Children lining up to show their writing skills to His Holiness in Dharamsala, June 1960. Only the first three in line had prior learning of Tibetan in Tibet. (First in line: Kunphen Sharling, second: Phunnor, third: Tenpa Tsering). They were later sent to the Tibetan Refugee Educational Institute, Mussoorie.
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation
His Holiness delivering the inaugural address at the first Tibetan Youth Conference in Dharamsala, October 7, 1970
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation
His Holiness delivering the March 10 statement at Gangchen Kyishong, Dharamshala, March 10, 1971.
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation
His Holiness addressing the U.S. Congressional Human Rights Caucus and announcing the Five-Point Peace Plan for Tibet, Washington, D.C., September 21, 1987. (L-R: Congressman Charlie Rose, Tenzin Gyeche Tethong, Lodi Gyari, His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Congressman and Caucus Chair Tom Lantos.)
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation
His Holiness addressing the members of the European Parliament in Strasbourg, France, on the Five-Point Peace Plan, June 15, 1988.
Photo courtesy: Tibet Documentation
His Holiness addressing the European Parliament, Strasborug, France, October 24, 2001.
Photo by Manuel Bauer
His Holiness at the solidarity rally “Switzerland for Tibet – Tibet for the World” on April 10, 2010, organized by the Swiss-Tibetan Friendship Society (GSTF) at the Münsterhof, Zurich.
Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons
Greenpeace China activist Zhong Yu holding a 1968 photo of the Middle Rongbuk Glacier to show its 2km retreat and deterioration in just under 40 years.
Courtesy of David Breashears
His Holiness reading the Animal Encyclopedia with Tibetan children during the inauguration of the Shiwatso Library in Mundgod Tibetan Settlement, Karnataka, December 22, 2016.
Photo by Tenzin Choejor, OHHDL
His Holiness with newly elected Kalon Tripa, Dr. Lobsang Sangay, and outgoing Kalon Tripa Prof. Samdhong Rinpoche, at the new Kalon Tripa oath-taking ceremony, Main Temple, Dharamshala, August 8, 2011.
Photo by Tenzin Choejor, OHHDL
His Holiness holding a copy of The Resolve Tibet Act, a bipartisan bill to enhance US support for Tibet and promote dialogue between the People's Republic of China and the Dalai Lama toward a peaceful resolution of the long-standing dispute between Tibet and China, presented to him at his residence, Mcleod Ganj, Dharamshala, June 19, 2024.
Photo by Tenzin Choejor, OHHDL
Revival of Ancient Indian Wisdom
His Holiness remains committed to reviving India’s ancient wisdom traditions, particularly teachings related to the mind and emotions. He encourages young Indians to explore their heritage—especially practices like meditation and ethical self-discipline—and to integrate these insights with modern education.
His vision is to nurture a new generation grounded in compassion, emotional resilience, and holistic intelligence.
His Holiness the Dalai Lama speaking at an interactive session on Revival of Ancient Knowledge, organised by the Indian Chamber of Commerce, Kolkata, West Bengal, November 23, 2017.
Photo by Tenzin Choejor, OHHDL
His Holiness speaking on Reviving Indian Wisdom in Contemporary India, during the first day of his two-day teaching at Somaiya Vidyavihar in Mumbai, India, December 8, 2017.
Photo by Lobsang Tsering, OHHDL
His Holiness posing with children and teachers of Smile Foundation after his talk at the NCUI Auditorium, New Delhi, India, November 19, 2017.
Photo by Tenzin Choejor, OHHDL
His Holiness greeting young Hindu priests on his arrival to participate in a Havan (fire puja) at Shri Udasin Karshni Ashram in Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, March 21, 2017.
Photo by Tenzin Choejor, OHHDL
His Holiness wearing a traditional Indian teacher’s cap at the 2nd National Teachers’ Congress Inaugural Ceremony, Pune, Maharashtra, India, January 10, 2018.
Photo by Lobsang Tsering, OHHDL
His Holiness holding hands with some of the more than 25,000 students attending the 10th KISS Humanitarian Award ceremony at Kalinga Institute of Social Science (KISS), in Bhubaneshwar, Odisha, India, November 21, 2017.
Photo by Tenzin Choejor, OHHDL
His Holiness greeting students in local attire during his visit at Dalhousie Public School, Himachal Pradesh, April 28, 2013.
Photo by Sonam Tsering
His Holiness blessing a model of the proposed building before the Foundation Stone Laying Ceremony of the Dalai Lama Centre for Tibetan & Indian Ancient Wisdom in Bodhgaya, Bihar, India, on January 3, 2023.
Photo by Tenzin Choejor, OHHDL
His Holiness with Delhi Deputy Chief Minister Manish Sisodia and Nobel Peace Laureate Kailash Satyarthi at the launching ceremony of SEE Learning curriculum textbooks, New Delhi, India, on April 5, 2019.
Photo courtesy of the Emory Tibet Science Initiative
His Holiness being offered the sacred relic of Buddha by Ven. Dr Waskaduwe Mahindawansa Mahanayake Thero, head of the Sri Lankan Buddhist delegation, in the courtyard of the Main Tibetan Temple, in McLeod Ganj, Dharamshala on April 4, 2024.
Photo by Tenzin Choejor, OHHDL
The Dalai Lama Centre for Indian and Tibetan Ancient Wisdom hosting its first All-India Conference on Ancient Indian and Tibetan Knowledge Systems and their enduring relevance, Bodhgaya, Bihar, April 3, 2025.
Photo by Tenzin Choejor, OHHDL